Technological Considerations in Interface Design

Technological Considerations in Interface Design Technological Considerations in Interface Design Physical characteristics of the device and device internal software affects the screen interface design. Graphics compatibility for Screen design must be ensured with the following system components: System power. Screen size. Screen resolution. Display colors. Other display features. Development and implementation tools being used. System platform being used. Platform style guide being used. Information Retrieval (IR): it concerns with the study of finding required data. i.e., IR helps users to notice data that matches their data desires. Technically, IR studies the organization, acquisition, distribution, storage, and retrieval of data. Information retrieval models An IR model directs how a document and a query are characterized and how the significance of a document to a user query is defined. Following are the main models in IR Boolean model Each document or query in Boolean model,is treated as a â€Å"bag† of words or terms. Mathematically for a given collection of documents D, let V = {t1, t2, ,t|V|} be the set of distinctive words/terms in the collection. V is called the vocabulary. A weight wij> 0 is associated with each term tiof a document dj∈D. For a term that does not appear in document dj, wij= 0. dj= (w1j, w2j, , w|V|j), Query terms are combined together logically using the Boolean operators such as AND, OR and NOT. Example : ((data AND warehousing) AND (NOT text)) Vector space model (VSM) In VSM too, Documents are treated as a â€Å"bag† of words or terms. Each document is represented as a vector. However, the term weights are no longer 0 or 1. Each term weight is computed based on some variations of called Term Frequency TF or TF-IDF scheme. Term Frequency (TF) Scheme: The weight of a term tiin document djis the number of times that tiappears in dj, denoted by fij. Normalization may also be applied. ,, Here, tf: still term frequency idf: inverse document frequency. n: total number of docs dfi: the number of docs that ti appears. 1.5.5 Popular HCI Tools HCI Browser This Browser (HCIB) is designed and implemented by the research team of North Carolina University. It can be downloaded fromhttp://ils.unc.edu/hcibrowser . Following are the features of HCI Browser: Web presenting task can be evaluated using this tool. designed to assist research activities in HCI through internet Can be added as an add-on to the Firefox browser. Presents operations for users working in toolbar area. Presents the following to the users: administer pre- task questionnaires administer post-task questionnaires event data of searching and browsing activities. Saves the following events of browser: Pages loaded Links clicked Window and tab focus changes Open/close windows and tabs Back/forward button clicks Typed URLs Scrolling History/bookmarks menu Closes windows automatically. Generates a new log file for each process Includes the following entries for log file: login time, session id, user id, and Process id Sketch Tools Natural art work designers are in need of many free form software tools to express their sketching designs. Right now, existing software tools support pen and ink input to certain extent only. There is a need for intelligent software that can sketch, recognize and convert the natural sketches automatically. Following are such tools: Inkkit It is a toolkit used to sketch diagrams. It can be applied over a range of domains. This software is able to run on a Tablet PC. InkKit consists of the following: User Interface The user interface is supported by two main views: sketch pages This view supports easy drawing process. portfolios. Here this point displays a set of sketches. These sketches can be linked to enable relationships. Recognition Engine The power of InkKitis its recognition engine To recognize a specific diagram, it creates a diagram domain and provides examples. The sketches on this user interface design will normally be converted into both HTML and Java. It is a research tool designed for non-commercial purpose. Freeform Freeform tools provide a pen based interface. This tool is mainly used to design controls in the forms by hand sketching. Requirements :Visual Basic Features: Designs of user interfaces are quicker and easier than creating them with a form builder. SketchNode Sketchnode is a tool used to draw graphs with edges and nodes easily. This tool runs on Tablet PC. Design in this tool can be either done by pen or using drag and drop interaction. Optimization algorithms are used for transforming of not clear graph into a clearer one. Features: supports both low and high fidelity graph rendering. Easy design process No convolution of images due to optimization. Intelligent Mind Map Humans effectively and effortlessly split between drawing and writing ink. This split is difficult to achieve in digital systems. This tool supports for the informal document on the tablet PC by recognition and ink reflow techniques. TATool This tool is designed to generate task representations in hierarchical manner. This research was carried out in the Patras University. The original task of this TATool is to analysis the task in interactive system design. It is recognized as a common tool to design hierarchical structures and Visualized objects This tool TATool generates output in XML form and an RTF report. This software runs only on Windows OS. It maps user-system interaction’s recorded events to the process model. COGTool It is one of the HCI tools used to predict total execution time for a skilled user for performing a particular sequence of actions on a system. The predictions made by CogTool are based on, a psychological theory of human cognitive and motor capabilities, called the Keystroke-Level Model (KLM). Following are the features: automates the application of KLM to specific problems, providing an alternative to time-consuming and expensive user testing. predicts what KLM can predict, that is, execution time for a skilled user of a system. Drawbacks It cannot predict learning time, problem-solving paths, or user satisfaction with a system. CMTool CMTool aims to achieve the task modelling process. Any major task can be splitted into many sub tasks by divide and conquer strategy and organising the task in hierarchical structure. This tool uses this hierarchical way along with logical operators such as AND , OR , NOT to solve the sub task. Following are its features: supports graphical and character notations for task representation. supports temporal analysis for each task supports relational database, grouping the various systems analyzed, with additional identification information. supports quantitative analysis tools for the task metrics provides various representations of data in the form of tree view , report view , structured view. automates synthesis of task structures already stored 1.6 Architecture of HCI systems Architecture of a HCI system should describe the working procedure of cooperation between inputs and outputs. There are two standard HCI architectures as follows: Unimodal systems Multimodal systems 1.6.1 Unimodal Architecture Modality means an independent single channel. Unimodal systems are designed based on single modality. They are further classified based on the nature as follows: Visual Audio Sensor 1.6.1.1 Visual HCI: Its application areas are facial expression analysis, Body movement tracking, gesture recognition and Gaze detection. Table 1.7 – Visual HCI Research areas 1.6.1.2 Audio HCI This uses various audio signals to acquire information. They are helpful, unique and trustable. It’s application areas are speaker recognition, musical integration, auditory emotion analysis and Human made noise or sign detections. 1.6.1.3 Sensor HCI It uses atleast one sensor between user and computer to enable interaction. Examples of sensors are not limited to pen based interaction, joysticks, mouse-keyboard, haptic sensors, taste or smell sensors, pressure sensors and motion tracking sensors. 1.6.2 Multimodal Architecture It combines multiple modalities. Here modalities refer to communication channels. The channels are sensors for sight ,taste , hear ,smell and touch. Gesture ,speech and gaze are common forms of input models. The examples of multimodal applications are not limited to smart video conferencing, driver monitoring, intelligent games, helping disable people and smart homes. 1.7 Advances in HCI Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence: It is also known as third way of computing that is interaction among many computers and one person. The evolution is as follows: First way of computing main frame era many people one computer. Second way of computing PC era one person many computers. 1.8 Overview The remaining part of this book includes both theoretical material and practical approaches to designing user interfaces. The topics include: Usability engineering principles Experimental and prototype cognitive architectures Design of effective spoken dialogue systems Role of recommender [e1]systems in web technologies Advanced visualization techniques based on ontologies Intelligent and adaptive HCI Ubiquitous computing and Ambient Intelligence. 1.9 HCI Sample Exercises Application of Weber’s Law in the design of Human Interfaces Weber’s Law It states that the size of the observable various is a constant proportion (K times) of the actual stimulus value. Stimulus intensity must be changed with a minimum amount to create a observable difference in sensory experience. Weber’s Law to user interfaces Information in a computer can be displayed in various formats such as text, pictures, drawings, maps, graphs, videos etc. This information may be from small to large in size with respect to the following: Brightness loudness line length visual weight of fonts in typography color matching Weber’s law helps to analyze and design the above effectively. Procedure Changing Shape – Rectangle Experiment Design a form with the following : 6 rectangular blocks -objects with different colour a stop clock timer -to observe the time value Start button -to start the event Text box -to display the time value Reset button-to restart the experiment Press â€Å"START†button. Observe all blocks minutely and identify the one that expands in breadth after some time. Stop timer themoment difference is identified. Record time. Repeat steps 2 to 5 and plot graph between% colour differenceandnumber of attempts. Repeat same experiment by pressing â€Å"RESET† button. Changing Shape Circle Experiment Design a form with the following six circles-object with colour a stop clock timer -to observe the time value Start button -to start the event Text box -to display the value Reset button-to restart the experiment Pressâ€Å"START†button. Observe all circles minutely and identify the one that expands in radius after some time. Stop timer themomentarea difference is identified. Record time and the % noticed difference or the %area difference. Repeat steps 2 to 5 and plot graph between% radial differenceVsnumber of attempts. ChangingColor CircleExperiment Design a form with the following 6 circles-object with colour a stop clock timer -to observe the time value Start button -to start the event Text box -to display the value Reset button-to restart the experiment Pressâ€Å"START†button. Observe all circles minutely and identify the one that changes colour after some time. Stop timer the moment colour difference is identified. Record time and the % noticed difference or the %area difference. Repeat steps 2 to 5 and plot graph between% colour differenceVsnumber of attempts. Discussion Good user interface design can be made by avoiding uneven size or mismatching colour controls. GOMS(Goals,Operators,Methods, andSelection rules) Objective To build a GOMSmodelforcomparing the actualtimetaken for a task by two interfaces and predict the best one. Experimental Procedure Design twodifferent user interfaces with the following controls: Label-to display users with questions Text box-to receive information about the user Button-to perform action Timer-to inform time to the user List box / option button-to display answers to the questions Make Interface-1to have list-boxestoinput user responses. Make Interface-2to haveradio-buttons toinput user responses. Use this interfaces to rate understanding of few core subjects. Pressâ€Å"Start†button tostartrecordtime beforeshowing responses to interface-1 Giveresponses for each subject using interface-1. Pressâ€Å"Stop†buttonto stop recording of time after finishing all responses. Repeatsameprocedurefromsteps 5to7forinterface-2. Observation: There might be a difference in the task completion time, because of Difference in interaction elementschosen andtheir layout a cognitive / perceptual factor is contributing to task completion time An interaction task is always guided by the user goals, interface operators andalternative methods available on interface for achieving those goals. Colour Design for a User Form Objective To apply colour theoryand features required for colour textand background legibility in creating attractiveuser form. Basics Primary Colours: colours that cannot be created by mixing others. e.g. Red, yellow and blue. Secondary Colours:colours achieved by a mixture of two primaries e.g. Green, orange and purple Tertiary Colours:colours achieved by a mixture of primary and secondary hues. e.g. Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-green yellow-green Complementary Colours: colours located opposite each other on a colour wheel. Analogous Colours:colours located close together on a colour wheel. Procedure Design a form thatconsistsoftwosections Contentwindow Colour- settingwindow Design a Content Window with broad blackoutline. Split broad outline as three or more sections based on the usage withthin blackborders. Selectanyofthesesectionsbyclickingwithintheboundary. Change selection section border colour into red. Use coloursettingwindow tochange colours of the selectedsection. Design a Colour settingwindow(Textcoloursetting) Place three text boxes and slider to receive RGB colour values. Design a button to apply the computed RGB colorvalue. Design a Colour-settingwindow(Bakgroundcolour setting) Place three text boxes and slider to receive RGB colour values. Design a button to apply the computed RGB colourvalue. Apply colour brightness difference and colour difference formulae to see if they really work in practiceimproving legibility of the colour text. Observations: Allows user to apply various colours to text as well as its background andcreate differentcolourcontrasts. Review Questions How do you justify HCI as an interdisciplinary research domain? Why is HCI so important? Describe the framework of the three level model of HCI. Summarize the factors in HCI. Describe the framework of broad HCI issues and concerns. Discuss on the design principles of HCI Summarize advanced I/O devices [e1]Recommender or recommended

Leadership in Professional Nursing

Every day, a set team of nurses and nursing managers set out to ensure the health and well-being of their patients. To achieve this goal, a nurse manager must adhere to a specific style of nursing leadership. There are many different styles of leadership in the healthcare field. Bass and Barnes (1985) stated that the two most common are transformational and transactional (as cited in Frankel, 2008, p. 24). This paper will define leadership, the two different styles, how each are executed, as well as pros and cons of each. Review of Professional Nursing Literature Stogdill (1950) defines leadership as the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal-setting and goal achievement (as cited in Frankel, 2008, p. 24). The use of leadership behaviors is significantly correlated with job satisfaction, productivity, and organizational commitment. When a group faces a task, the leadership set before them directly affects the outcome. In order to obtain a positive outcome, a leader must be able to direct a group or individual toward the achievement of a common goal. Inspiring action and a shared vision greatly increase the chances of a positive employee outcome. As the nation continues to focus on issues of health, rather than just treatment of disease, nurses will increasingly play leadership roles (Mittelman, 2010, p. 10). The first type of leadership is transformational. The main focus of transformational leadership is to conjoin nurse managers and nurses to strive to meet a united goal. Leaders transform followers by increasing their awareness of task importance and value, getting them to focus first on team or organizational goals rather than their own interests, and activating their higher-order needs. It is vital to allow young nurses the opportunity to form their own opinions and receive feedback. These young nurses are trying to find their place within the work force and will not benefit from being criticized on many things at once. Job dissatisfaction is due to managers not giving due recognition and support, not being able to follow through on problems and not helping but criticizing in a crisis (Loke, 2001). The boss must be careful and narrow down the areas in which improvement is needed and explain why the improvements are needed. When utilizing this method, Sutton suggested that they (bosses) consciously break out of the power bubble by asking for direct input and feedback (as cited in Flora, 2010, p. 50). By doing this, nurses are allowed to hold a functioning role in the development of policies. Bass (1985), found that â€Å"the transformational leadership factors were more highly correlated with perceived group effectiveness and job satisfaction, and contributed more to individual performance and motivation, than transactional leaders† (as cited in Frankel, 2008, p. 23). This type of leader is often found empowering their employees and giving them a sense self worth within the company. Steers (1977) found â€Å"commitment improves work performance and reduces absenteeism and turnover which are costly to organizations (as cited in Loke, 2001). Transactional leadership is built on reciprocity, the ways in which leaders and followers influence one another, and the idea that the relationship between leader and their followers develops from the exchange of some reward, such as performance rating’s, pay, recognition, or praise (Marturano, 2004). This style of leadership does not promote a close relationship amongst the boss and the employee, but has proven to be practical in certain situations. According to Frankel (2008), â€Å"transitional leadership is short-lived, episodic, and task based† (p. 23). Based on this, the employees’ attraction is geared towards a more selfish transaction, rather than the common good of the group. Many employees find themselves working past this type of hierarchy to acquire the exchange they are seeking. Application of Clinical Example Mark, the nurse manager of a fifty-two bed intensive care unit, was attending a budget meeting with the nurse managers from other departments, as well as other various administrators. Right now, many hospitals all over the nation are being forced to make budget cuts because of the economic recession the country is suffering from, and Mark’s hospital is no exception. In the meeting, in order to save money, the CEO forbids all of the managers to allow any overtime. Mark knows that times arise when his nurses simply are not able to clock out on time, but he must enforce the rules passed down to him. Mark quietly accepts the decision made by administration without any contest. Over the next couple of days, Mark holds several staff meetings to inform his employees that no overtime will be permitted and that anyone who either clocks in early or clocks out late must end their next shift early to adjust their time. Subsequently, any employee who has accumulated overtime at the end of the pay period will be suspended. The nurses of the ICU respond less than favorably, arguing that clocking out early from a shift would not only cause additional stress for the nurse, but also would almost certainly lead to negative patient outcomes. Many of the nurses voiced their concern that they were putting their license in jeopardy. Mark’s only response was â€Å"this is the way it has to be,† leaving them feeling let down that their manager didn’t stand up and do more to protect them. Over the next few weeks, Mark could tell that the overall productivity, quality of care, and employee morale that had once been excellent had fallen dramatically. Because of the added stress from the nurses feeling rushed throughout their shift, there was an increase in documented medication administration errors, a decrease in the quality of clinical skills, and abandonment of patient and family teaching. Looking back at the different types of leadership, Mark could have possibly changed the outcome of this situation by understanding the style of each. Leadership is not just about picking that or this strategy or goal; it’s equally about standing up publicly and saying this is what we are going to do and why we are doing it (Grayson, 2010, p. 6). First, Mark could instill a sense of empowerment by encouraging the staff to come up with alternate ways to save money. Secondly, he could have stood up to the administration and taken some heat by demonstrating how it’s not always possible to clock out on time. Lastly, he should stand behind his staff, and don’t give up until the situation is resolved. Enabling others to act is a leadership behavior that infuses others with energy and confidence. Developing relationships is based on mutual trust and providing subordinates with discretion and make their own decisions (Loke, 2001). Conclusion Despite these contextual influences, the expectations of leaders are that they will promote change within their organization and thereby shape its modus operandi and culture (McIntosh & Tolson, 2008). Understanding the different styles of leadership is vital in keeping up with the constant evolution of healthcare. One must be able to not only manage, but also inspire employees to achieve goals. Former president John Quincy Adams was once quoted as saying, â€Å"If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more, and become more, you are a leader. † By following these simple guidelines, nurse managers are able to generate a more satisfying work environment, enhance employee performance, and increase patient outcome.

Analyse the Importance of Information and Communication...

Analyse the importance of information and communication technologies in the process of international outsourcing. Information and communication technologies are of paramount importance in the process of international outsourcing primarily through the technological advancement surge and demand in recent years. Through the rise of Information technology in recent years, the importance of international outsourcing rose significantly. Outsourcing is the contracting of the management and/or execution of a business function to an outside third-party contractor or subcontractor. Outsourcing typically refers to the contracting of services to an offshore, rather than domestic, company. While outsourcing has been an accepted business practice for†¦show more content†¦Software exports have grown a sevenfold during the past five years. In addition, sales revenue of China’s software industry increased from USD 7.16B in the year 2000 to USD 19.3B in 2003, while software exports increased from USD 0.25B to USD 2B in the same period. In 2008, the domestic market of China’s software and in formation outsourcing industry reached US$633.2 billion. By 2010, total outsourcing industry revenues in China had reached an estimated US$20 billion. The potential growth of the Chinese information technology (IT) services market is compelling — it is expected to grow at an attractive range of better than 20% a year during the next few years. China-heritage providers are indigenous Chinese companies that are tapping the outsourcing potential around the globe and in their own country. There are currently some 13,000 Chinese IT services firms. Most are small, with fewer than 1,000 employees. Fewer are mid-tier, with 1,000 – 10,000 employees. A very few are achieving scale, with more than 10,000 employees. 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The Negative Implications Of Cultural Appropriation

The Negative Implications of Cultural Appropriation Samantha Mulcahy INTC 1F90 Jeff Reichheld Seminar 3 Seminar Leader: Jeff Reichheld 13 March 2016 Word Count: 1526 Cultural appropriation is something that is commonly seen around the world in the Grand Narratives of dominant westernized cultures. The cultural appropriation of minority cultures in order to construct the Grand Narratives of dominant cultures has a negative effect on those who are apart of the oppressed minorities. These dominant cultures borrow cultural elements, which is reflected in their use of entertainment, Aboriginalia, as well as in racialized costumes. All of these factors relay negative effects on minorities and facilitate intercultural barriers. In western cultures specifically, such as Canada and the United States, sports and other forms of entertainment are all a part of the patriotic Grand Narratives of the culture. What often goes unnoticed is the cultural appropriation attached to this form of representation. Specifically looking at sports teams; logos, mascots and more often include elements of American Indian culture (LaRocque et al, 2011). In the eyes of the dominant American culture, there is no issue with this. However, in reality, they have taken something sacred from another culture and used it for their own form of entertainment; as well as something that they now incorporate into their own Grand Narrative. Many people remain ignorant to the fact that dressing inShow MoreRelatedThe Double Standard Of Cultural Appropriation : What Is Wrong With Your Favorite Pop Stars?1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Double Standard of Cultural Appropriation: What is Wrong With Your Favorite Pop Stars? While adolescents struggle to find their identity in the world, some struggle between two different worlds: firstly) conforming to the behaviors in western society; and secondly) having pride in one’s culture. 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